Thirty foods you walk straight past.
Most of us eat the same few plants on repeat. Research links eating 30 or more different plants a week with a more varied community of gut bacteria. Here they are, in one tray.
For each food you will see its serve size, what it does in your gut, and an estimate of what one serve provides. NRV is the share of the EU daily reference for an adult.
Please note: the tray photo is enlarged and generously filled to show each food clearly. Real serves are smaller; the weight shown for each food is what your tray contains.
Almonds
A source of vitamin E and fibre. Most of an almond's polyphenols sit in its brown skin, which is why these are whole and unblanched.
Almond fibre and skin polyphenols reach the large intestine largely intact, where they feed gut bacteria.
- Energy
- 14 kcal
- Protein
- 0.5 g
- Fat
- 1.2 g
- Carbs
- 0.2 g
- Fibre
- 0.3 g
Usually eaten roasted and salted, if at all.
Allergen: tree nuts
Walnuts
The richest everyday nut in ALA, the plant form of omega-3. Walnuts also contain ellagitannins, which gut bacteria convert into compounds called urolithins.
Gut bacteria convert walnut ellagitannins into urolithins.
- Energy
- 16 kcal
- Protein
- 0.4 g
- Fat
- 1.6 g
- Carbs
- 0.2 g
- Fibre
- 0.2 g
Mostly saved for baking.
Allergen: tree nuts
Pistachios
One of the more fibre-rich nuts, with lutein in the green kernel and anthocyanins in the purple skin.
Pistachio fibre and skin polyphenols are fermented by gut bacteria.
- Energy
- 10 kcal
- Protein
- 0.4 g
- Fat
- 0.8 g
- Carbs
- 0.3 g
- Fibre
- 0.2 g
Usually a bar snack by the handful.
Allergen: tree nuts
Hazelnuts
A source of vitamin E and manganese, with proanthocyanidins concentrated in the thin brown skin.
The proanthocyanidins in hazelnut skins are mostly broken down by gut bacteria rather than by your own digestion.
- Energy
- 18 kcal
- Protein
- 0.4 g
- Fat
- 1.7 g
- Carbs
- 0.2 g
- Fibre
- 0.3 g
Most people only meet them in chocolate spread.
Allergen: tree nuts
Pumpkin seeds
Among the richest plant sources of magnesium, and a source of zinc, with a different fat profile from tree nuts.
Adds seed fibre from the gourd family, found nowhere else in the tray.
- Energy
- 8 kcal
- Protein
- 0.5 g
- Fat
- 0.7 g
- Carbs
- 0.1 g
- Fibre
- 0.1 g
Scooped out and thrown away every Halloween.
Sunflower seeds
Rich in vitamin E, and a source of selenium and folate. From the daisy family, unrelated to anything else in the tray.
Adds fibre from the daisy family, widening what your gut bacteria are fed.
- Energy
- 9 kcal
- Protein
- 0.3 g
- Fat
- 0.8 g
- Carbs
- 0.2 g
- Fibre
- 0.1 g
Thought of as bird food.
Chia
About a third of chia's weight is fibre, much of it the soluble kind that turns to gel. Also a source of ALA omega-3.
Its soluble, gel-forming fibre is fermented by gut bacteria.
- Energy
- 5 kcal
- Protein
- 0.2 g
- Fat
- 0.3 g
- Carbs
- 0.1 g
- Fibre
- 0.3 g
Bought once for a pudding, then forgotten.
Ground flaxseed
The richest food source of lignans. Gut bacteria convert them into enterolignans, so what you get from flax depends partly on your own microbes. Ground, because whole seeds often pass straight through.
Gut bacteria convert flax lignans into enterolignans.
- Energy
- 5 kcal
- Protein
- 0.2 g
- Fat
- 0.4 g
- Carbs
- 0.0 g
- Fibre
- 0.3 g
Whole flaxseed is common; ground is rare.
Sesame
Contains the lignans sesamin and sesamolin, plus calcium and copper.
Sesame lignans are also converted by gut bacteria.
- Energy
- 6 kcal
- Protein
- 0.2 g
- Fat
- 0.5 g
- Carbs
- 0.1 g
- Fibre
- 0.1 g
Usually just a scattering on a burger bun.
Allergen: sesame
Cacao nibs
Crushed roasted cocoa beans with no added sugar. Cocoa is rich in flavanols, many of which reach the large intestine, where gut bacteria break them down.
Cocoa flavanols are largely metabolised by gut bacteria.
- Energy
- 8 kcal
- Protein
- 0.2 g
- Fat
- 0.7 g
- Carbs
- 0.0 g
- Fibre
- 0.5 g
Few people have tasted cocoa this close to the bean.
85% dark chocolate
The same plant as the nibs, in its most familiar form. At 85% cocoa it carries far more cocoa solids and far less sugar than milk chocolate.
Brings cocoa polyphenols, which gut bacteria break down.
- Energy
- 15 kcal
- Protein
- 0.2 g
- Fat
- 1.1 g
- Carbs
- 0.9 g
- Fibre
- 0.3 g
Too bitter for most, until they try a small piece.
May contain milk
Dried blueberries
Rich in anthocyanins, the blue-purple pigments. Only a small share is absorbed; much of the rest travels on to the colon, where gut bacteria break it down.
Most anthocyanins are not absorbed and are broken down by gut bacteria instead.
- Energy
- 5 kcal
- Protein
- 0.0 g
- Fat
- 0.0 g
- Carbs
- 1.1 g
- Fibre
- 0.1 g
Fresh ones are pricey and spoil quickly.
Sour cherries
Deep red and tart, with a different mix of anthocyanins from blueberries, and from a different plant family, the rose family.
Like the blueberries' anthocyanins, most of the cherries' are handled by gut bacteria.
- Energy
- 5 kcal
- Protein
- 0.0 g
- Fat
- 0.0 g
- Carbs
- 1.1 g
- Fibre
- 0.1 g
Rarely sold fresh in Spain or the UK.
Goji berries
Among the richest food sources of zeaxanthin, a yellow-orange carotenoid. Goji belongs to the nightshade family, alongside tomatoes.
Goji polysaccharides and fibre pass to the colon to be fermented.
- Energy
- 5 kcal
- Protein
- 0.2 g
- Fat
- 0.0 g
- Carbs
- 1.0 g
- Fibre
- 0.2 g
Seen in health shops, rarely bought.
Dried mulberries
Naturally sweet, with fibre and their own mix of polyphenols. A relative of the fig.
Fibre and polyphenols from the mulberry family, fermented in the colon.
- Energy
- 5 kcal
- Protein
- 0.1 g
- Fat
- 0.0 g
- Carbs
- 0.9 g
- Fibre
- 0.1 g
Most people have never seen one.
Dried fig
One of the highest-fibre dried fruits and a plant source of calcium, packed with tiny seeds.
Fig fibre, including pectin, is fermented by gut bacteria.
- Energy
- 7 kcal
- Protein
- 0.1 g
- Fat
- 0.0 g
- Carbs
- 1.6 g
- Fibre
- 0.3 g
Mostly eaten at Christmas.
Dried apricot
A source of potassium, with beta-carotene giving its orange colour.
Apricot's soluble fibre, mainly pectin, is fermented by gut bacteria.
- Energy
- 8 kcal
- Protein
- 0.1 g
- Fat
- 0.0 g
- Carbs
- 1.9 g
- Fibre
- 0.3 g
Left at the bottom of the fruit and nut bag.
May contain sulphites
Freeze-dried raspberries
Raspberries are among the highest-fibre fruits and, like walnuts, contain ellagitannins for gut bacteria to work on. Freeze-drying keeps the colour and flavour.
Gut bacteria turn raspberry ellagitannins into urolithins.
- Energy
- 3 kcal
- Protein
- 0.1 g
- Fat
- 0.0 g
- Carbs
- 0.3 g
- Fibre
- 0.4 g
Fresh raspberries last about two days.
Roasted chickpeas
Fibre, including resistant starch, and plant protein. Legume fibre is fermented by gut bacteria into short-chain fatty acids such as butyrate.
Resistant starch and legume fibre are fermented into short-chain fatty acids such as butyrate.
- Energy
- 8 kcal
- Protein
- 0.4 g
- Fat
- 0.1 g
- Carbs
- 0.9 g
- Fibre
- 0.3 g
Most people only eat them as hummus.
Roasted edamame
Young soya beans with plant protein, fibre and isoflavones. Some people's gut bacteria turn the isoflavone daidzein into a compound called equol; others' don't.
In some people, gut bacteria turn the soya isoflavone daidzein into equol.
- Energy
- 6 kcal
- Protein
- 0.6 g
- Fat
- 0.3 g
- Carbs
- 0.2 g
- Fibre
- 0.2 g
Usually only at a sushi restaurant.
Allergen: soya
Roasted fava beans
Broad beans, or habas, with protein, fibre and folate.
Legume fibre for fermentation, from a different bean species.
- Energy
- 9 kcal
- Protein
- 0.6 g
- Fat
- 0.1 g
- Carbs
- 0.9 g
- Fibre
- 0.5 g
Everywhere in Spain, yet few of us eat them.
Not suitable for people with G6PD deficiency (favism)
Puffed quinoa
A seed from the amaranth family, containing all nine essential amino acids and a different fibre from cereal grains.
Adds fibre from the amaranth family.
- Energy
- 2 kcal
- Protein
- 0.1 g
- Fat
- 0.0 g
- Carbs
- 0.3 g
- Fibre
- 0.0 g
Bought once, cooked badly, never again.
Toasted buckwheat
Not related to wheat and naturally gluten-free. A source of rutin, a flavonoid found in few other foods.
Buckwheat's resistant starch and rutin reach the colon, where gut bacteria act on them.
- Energy
- 5 kcal
- Protein
- 0.2 g
- Fat
- 0.0 g
- Carbs
- 1.0 g
- Fibre
- 0.2 g
Most people have never cooked it.
Oat flakes
A source of beta-glucan, the soluble fibre oats are known for.
Oat beta-glucan is fermented by gut bacteria in the colon.
- Energy
- 6 kcal
- Protein
- 0.2 g
- Fat
- 0.1 g
- Carbs
- 0.9 g
- Fibre
- 0.2 g
Familiar, but porridge has lost out to toast.
Contains gluten unless certified gluten-free
Beetroot crisps
Coloured by betalain pigments and naturally rich in nitrates.
Adds beet fibre, including pectin, for fermentation.
- Energy
- 3 kcal
- Protein
- 0.1 g
- Fat
- 0.0 g
- Carbs
- 0.5 g
- Fibre
- 0.2 g
Fresh beetroot stains everything, so it gets skipped.
Kale crisps
A brassica, rich in vitamin K and in glucosinolates, which gut bacteria can convert into compounds called isothiocyanates.
Gut bacteria convert kale glucosinolates into isothiocyanates.
- Energy
- 3 kcal
- Protein
- 0.2 g
- Fat
- 0.1 g
- Carbs
- 0.0 g
- Fibre
- 0.3 g
Easy to buy, easy to leave wilting in the fridge.
Shiitake crisps
Not a plant but a fungus, bringing fibres plants don't have, including beta-glucans and chitin.
Fungal beta-glucans and chitin are fibres only gut bacteria can break down.
- Energy
- 2 kcal
- Protein
- 0.1 g
- Fat
- 0.0 g
- Carbs
- 0.5 g
- Fibre
- 0.1 g
Most people stop at white button mushrooms.
Nori
A red seaweed whose fibre, porphyran, is unlike anything from a land plant. It is also a source of iodine.
Human enzymes cannot digest porphyran, the fibre in nori. In some Japanese people, gut bacteria carry genes that can.
- Energy
- 2 kcal
- Protein
- 0.2 g
- Fat
- 0.0 g
- Carbs
- 0.1 g
- Fibre
- 0.1 g
Only eaten wrapped round sushi, if at all.
Carrot flakes
A source of beta-carotene and pectin fibre, and a familiar taste among the unfamiliar.
Carrot pectin is fermented by gut bacteria.
- Energy
- 3 kcal
- Protein
- 0.1 g
- Fat
- 0.0 g
- Carbs
- 0.6 g
- Fibre
- 0.2 g
The one you already know.
Freeze-dried kefir bites
Fermented milk, and the tray's one fermented food. Freeze-drying keeps some of the cultures, but numbers vary, so we make no live-culture claims.
A fermented food, the food group that increased microbiome diversity in Stanford's 2021 trial.
- Energy
- 4 kcal
- Protein
- 0.3 g
- Fat
- 0.1 g
- Carbs
- 0.4 g
- Fibre
- 0.0 g
Most people have never tried kefir.
Allergen: milk
That's thirty. About 47 grams, every day.
Peel back the lid, eat them one by one, and a fresh tray waits for tomorrow.
Choose your plan